
05 Mag Proteggersi dal terremoto: l’isolamento sismico in Italia e nel mondo
Le tecnologie per difendere gli edifici dal terremoto esistono e danno ottime risposte: un esempio fra tutte le costruzioni giapponesi che, sottoposte a continui e forti sismi, reggono alle scosse e permettono uno svolgimento pressoché normale della vita quotidiana. Qual è oggi, in Italia e nel mondo, lo stato dell’arte dell’applicazione dei sistemi di isolamento sismico? La parola all’Ing.Paolo Clemente dell’Enea
A che punto è la diffusione delle costruzioni isolate sismicamente in Italia e nel mondo? In quali tipi di costruzioni si può applicare l’isolamento sismico? E’ possibile valutare l’efficacia dei sistemi antisismici applicati alle costruzioni?
Qui di seguito un estratto del rapporto “Isolamento sismico: passato, presente e futuro” a cura dell’Ing. Paolo Clemente, del Centro Ricerche Casaccia ENEA di Roma (sintesi della keynote lecture tenuta alla 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago del Cile, 12 gennaio 2017). Il rapporto completo è stato pubblicato su Ingenio-web.it.
Il numero di strutture protette da moderni sistemi antisismici è cresciuto notevolmente negli ultimi anni, tanto che un elenco completo è oramai impossibile. Dati affidabili si hanno fino al 2014, quando almeno 24000 strutture erano protette da sistemi passivi, come l’isolamento sismico e la dissipazione di energia e comprendevano diverse tipologie strutturali: edifici, ponti, beni culturali e impianti industriali, realizzate con diversi materiali, ossia cemento armato, muratura, acciaio o legno.
L’isolamento sismico consiste nell’inserire in un edificio, normalmente in corrispondenza del suo piano più basso, dei dispositivi (isolatori sismici) che filtrano l’energia trasmessa dal terreno: in tal modo, la sovrastruttura isolata si muove, sopra agli isolatori, praticamente senza deformarsi (quasi come fosse un corpo rigido) e molto lentamente: il movimento di corpo rigido garantisce l’integrità assoluta dell’edificio.
Il principio di base dell’isolamento sismico è ben noto, un’idea forse geniale ma non nuova (ne parlava già Plinio il Vecchio nella sua Naturalis Historia nel I secolo d.C.): s’incrementa il periodo proprio di vibrazione della struttura al fine di ridurre sensibilmente le accelerazioni nella stessa; tale riduzione di accelerazione viene pagata in termini di spostamenti che, però, sono concentrati negli isolatori sismici posti alla base della struttura. Si ottiene così il disaccoppiamento del moto della struttura rispetto a quello del suolo ed è possibile progettare in campo elastico.
Il primo edificio isolato dell’era moderna fu realizzato a Skopje (Macedonia) nel 1965: i dispositivi, regalati dalla Svizzera, erano quadrati e composti di sola gomma, con ovvi problemi di deformabilità verticale. I moderni isolatori nacquero negli anni ’70, quando furono prodotti i primi dispositivi in acciaio-gomma mediante un processo di vulcanizzazione. Nel 1978, in Francia fu costruito il primo impianto nucleare dotato di isolamento sismico. Solo nella seconda metà degli anni ’80 l’isolamento sismico iniziò a diffondersi anche per le strutture civili. Oggi si utilizzano principalmente isolatori elastomerici a elevato smorzamento, isolatori a scorrimento a superfici piane, isolatori a scorrimento a superfici curve (vedi immagine a fianco) e dispositivi a ricircolo di sfere, comuni in Giappone ma non in altri paesi probabilmente per il loro costo. Va ricordato che l’adozione di moderne tecnologie consente di raggiungere un grado di sicurezza non perseguibile con tecniche tradizionali e che gli edifici dotati di moderni sistemi di protezione sismica hanno superato indenni terremoti violenti in vari paesi del mondo.
Dove si può applicare l’isolamento sismico
L’isolamento sismico può essere applicato sia su edifici di nuova realizzazione sia su edifici esistenti. Tra questi ultimi vanno distinti i casi di edifici in cemento armato, in muratura e di edifici storici:
• per gli edifici esistenti in cemento armato le tipologie di intervento possono essere raggruppate in due classi:
– inserimento degli isolatori lungo i pilastri con taglio degli stessi (v.edificio di Pianola AQ, che ha superato senza problemi gli eventi sismici del 24 agosto 2016)
– inserimento degli isolatori al di sotto della fondazione con realizzazione di un’ulteriore nuova fondazione;
• per quanto riguarda l’isolamento sismico di edifici esistenti in muratura, un intervento efficace è quello progettato su un edificio scolastico a Vanadzor, Armenia, a seguito del terremoto del 1988. L’edificio, che in elevazione si presentava in buone condizioni, non aveva però un’adeguata capacità sismica e fu deciso un intervento al livello del piano interrato: con taglio delle pareti e diverse successive fasi costruttive si è proceduto all’installazione degli isolatori, che hanno permesso di separare definitivamente la sovrastruttura dalla sottostruttura.
• quanto all’adeguamento sismico di edifici storici si tratta di un intervento alquanto delicato sia per la vulnerabilità di tali strutture, sia per la loro importanza e per la presenza di turisti. Le tecniche tradizionali non sono idonee e l’intervento deve garantire la conservazione delle caratteristiche originali. Pertanto è auspicabile l’uso di moderne tecnologie: ENEA e Politecnico di Torino hanno messo a punto un nuovo sistema che consiste nella realizzazione di una piattaforma isolata sotto al piano delle fondazioni di un singolo edificio o di un aggregato strutturale di dimensioni anche grandi, come accade spesso nei nostri centri storici. Da una trincea scavata al lato dell’area d’interesse dove viene realizzata un’apposita struttura di contrasto, si inseriscono dei tubi affiancati per tutta la lunghezza interessata dall’intervento. Successivamente, si crea un piano di discontinuità in corrispondenza del piano diametrale orizzontale dei tubi.
Infine, per quanto riguarda gli edifici in muratura, ENEA e ANDIL hanno organizzato un progetto di ricerca con l’obiettivo di realizzare un edificio strategico in muratura di laterizio, nel quale l’uso dell’isolamento alla base ha consentito una maggiore flessibilità architettonica e il rispetto dei massimi standard in termini di efficienza energetica.stessi, dove vengono inseriti i dispositivi di isolamento sismico. Un doppio sistema di pareti laterali completa l’opera.
L’isolamento sismico nel mondo
Il paese leader per l’applicazione dell’isolamento sismico è il Giappone, dove un notevole incremento del numero di applicazioni si è avuto grazie anche all’eccellente comportamento di due edifici sismicamente isolati durante il terremoto di Hyogo-ken Nanbu del 1995 (M=7.3). Anche successivamente, tutti gli edifici isolati hanno mostrato un ottimo comportamento durante eventi sismici violenti, incluso il terremoto di Tohoku del 2011. Lo stesso è avvenuto per ponti e viadotti dotati di isolamento sismico ma, purtroppo, molti di essi sono stati distrutti dal successivo tsunami. In Giappone l’isolamento sismico è utilizzato anche per edifici alti, incrementando opportunamente il periodo di vibrazione e lo smorzamento per contenere gli spostamenti, e per realizzare gli artificial ground, ossia impalcati isolati sismicamente dai quali spiccano diversi edifici separati tra loro.
In Cina, secondo paese per applicazione di moderni sistemi di protezione sismica, sono in costruzione diversi quartieri residenziali di edifici isolati sismicamente. Anche qui, un notevole sviluppo si è avuto a seguito dell’eccellente risposta di edifici protetti con isolamento alla base a fronte di eventi sismici violenti. Nel 2008 due edifici in cemento armato e un edificio in muratura di 6 piani superarono indenni il terremoto del Wenchuan (MW=7.9), mentre edifici tradizionali furono gravemente danneggiati. Durante il terremoto di Lushan del 20 aprile 2013 (MW=7.0), caratterizzato da un picco di accelerazione ben maggiore del valore di progetto per quell’area, numerosi edifici furono gravemente danneggiati mentre gli edifici isolati sismicamente mostrarono un ottimo comportamento. In particolare, due edifici dell’ospedale con fondazioni tradizionali furono severamente danneggiati, mentre un terzo, isolato sismicamente, rimase operativo consentendo il ricovero di migliaia di feriti.
L’isolamento sismico ha avuto un notevole sviluppo anche in Russia, dove è stato utilizzato sia per l’adeguamento di edifici storici sia per edifici alti, soprattutto a Sochi, sede delle olimpiadi invernali del 2014.
Negli USA, invece, il numero di edifici isolate sismicamente resta limitato a causa di una normativa penalizzante e ciò nonostante l’ottimo comportamento di tali strutture durante eventi sismici violenti, tra cui quello di Northridge del 1994. Alcune interessanti applicazioni hanno riguardato edifici storici.
L’isolamento sismico è diffuso, anche se in misura minore anche in altri paesi, quali Corea del Sud, Taiwan, Armenia, Nuova Zelanda, Francia, Turchia, Messico, Canada e Cile. In molti casi sono stati utilizzati dispositivi di produzione italiana.
L’isolamento sismico in Italia
In Italia le prime applicazioni furono quelle del Viadotto Somplago (1975), di due edifici strategici a Napoli (1981) e dell’edificio Telecom di Ancona (1991), Nonostante la partenza brillante, lo sviluppo dell’isolamento sismico in Italia è stato limitato, frenato dalla mancanza di una normativa che ne disciplinasse l’uso e scoraggiato dai processi di approvazione molto lunghi.
Poi però nel 2002 ci fu il terremoto in Molise con il disastroso crollo della scuola di San Giuliano di Puglia, a seguito del quale fu messa a punto una nuova normativa (OPCM 3274/2003) che semplificava l’adozione delle moderne tecnologie. La nuova scuola di San Giuliano di Puglia è stata la prima in Italia con isolamento sismico, costituito da 61 isolatori elastomerici e 13 isolatori a scorrimento a superfici piane. La struttura è composta da due edifici poggianti su un unico impalcato di base, isolato sismicamente.
Sempre in ambito di edifici scolastici, si trovano numerose applicazioni di isolamento sismici, fra le quali si ricordano il nuovo blocco B dall’edificio scolastico Romita di Campobasso, la nuova scuola di Marzabotto (BO) e quella di Mulazzo (MS).
Una delle più interessanti applicazioni è il nuovo Centro di Protezione Civile regionale di Foligno, che comprende diversi edifici isolati tra cui il Centro Operativo, un edificio di forma emisferica, alto 22 m e con diametro di 31 m, poggiante sulla fondazione tramite 10 isolatori elastomerici ad alto smorzamento (diametro = 1000 mm, rigidezza orizzontale = 1310 kN/m, fattore di smorzamento=10%) disposti lungo il perimetro, che determinano una frequenza fondamentale della struttura isolata pari a 0.38 Hz. Sia la nuova scuola Jovine di San Giuliano di Puglia sia il Centro Operativo del nuovo Centro di Protezione Civile regionale di Foligno sono muniti di sistemi di monitoraggio sismico (realizzati nell’ambito di progetti di ricerca organizzati dall’ENEA).
Sistemi di monitoraggio sismico
Per valutare le prestazioni di questi dispositivi (ma non solo), si possono utilizzare dei sistemi di monitoraggio sismico, ovvero impianti costituiti da sensori e posti all’interno dell’edificio, in grado di misurare in tempo reale sia la domanda sismica sia la risposta dinamica della costruzione. Grazie al monitoraggio sismico di edifici isolati alla base, ci sono evidenze dell’ottimo comportamento di tali strutture in occasione di terremoti violenti (ad es.ospedale USC di Los Angeles che ha superato indenne il terremoto di Northridge del 1994; edificio in c.a. a Ojiya City in Giapponeche ha sopportato egregiamente il terremoto di Mid Niigata del 1994 (magnitudo 6.8); il ministero delle comunicazioni a Sanda City in Giappone, interessato dal sisma di Hyogo-ken Nanbu del 1995). In Italia, fra le costruzioni isolate sismicamente, sono dotati di un sistema di monitoraggio sismico la nuova scuola Jovine di San Giuliano di Puglia e due edifici del centro di protezione civile regionale di Foligno, tra cui il Centro Operativo.
In conclusione, il numero di applicazioni dell’isolamento sismico è cresciuto enormemente negli ultimi anni in molti paesi e rappresenta la migliore tecnologia per la protezione sismica delle strutture, soprattutto laddove è richiesto un elevato livello di sicurezza, come quelle strategiche e di particolare rilevanza. La sfida del prossimo futuro è che diventi la tecnica usuale anche per le costruzioni ordinarie. A tal fine, devono essere garantite una corretta progettazione e una corretta esecuzione al fine di non tradire l’attesa di un’elevata sicurezza.
FONTE: www.ilgiornaledellaprotezionecivile.it
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