
08 Gen La deformazione del suolo ad Ischia rilevata dalla Rete tiltmetrica
Il monitoraggio tiltmetrico: a cosa serve?
Il monitoraggio tiltmetrico rappresenta una delle tecniche più usate nel rilevamento della deformazione del suolo in aree vulcaniche, in quanto consente lo studio della cinematica delle aree vulcaniche avvalendosi della registrazione in continuo della variazione d’inclinazione della superficie terrestre nei luoghi in cui sono installati i tiltmetri.
E’ proprio la variazione dell’angolo di inclinazione (tilt), misurata da questi sensori, che consente di correlarla eventualmente alla deformazione indotta in superficie dai potenziali cambiamenti della pressione magmatica dovuti all’accumulo e/o allo spostamento di magma all’interno della struttura vulcanica o semplicemente dalla circolazione dei fluidi idrotermali.
Oltre al monitoraggio delle aree vulcaniche, le informazioni ottenute dallo studio dei segnali tiltmetrici hanno un vasto campo di applicazione che va dal controllo strutturale di grandi opere ingegneristiche come dighe, ponti, ecc., allo studio della marea crostale.
La variazione di tilt o ground tilt registrata da un tiltmetro è la variazione lungo una determinata direzione dello spostamento verticale, quindi una misura di come cambia la pendenza del suolo nel tempo. Lo spostamento verticale del suolo, invece, è misurabile con il GPS in maniera continua oppure mediante tecniche di interferometria SAR o anche attraverso livellazioni di alta precisione lungo linee altimetriche appositamente realizzate.
I sensori utilizzati dall’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Osservatorio Vesuviano (INGV-OV) sono tiltmetri elettronici biassiali con trasduttore a bolla che misurano le variazioni di inclinazione del suolo lungo due direzioni ortogonali.
Il trasduttore è costituito da un tubicino di vetro (uno per ogni asse) contenente un fluido elettrolitico e chiuso agli estremi da tre elettrodi inseriti in un circuito elettrico a ponte che, ogni qualvolta viene sbilanciato in seguito ad una rotazione (o ad una accelerazione) genera una tensione elettrica proporzionale all’entità del tilt.
Nel monitoraggio delle componenti di inclinazione della deformazione del suolo vengono impiegati 3 tipi diversi di sensore: quelli analogici che possono essere di tipo superficiale o da pozzo e quelli digitali che sono solo da pozzo.
Il monitoraggio tiltmetrico viene effettuato già da molti anni nelle aree vulcaniche campane ed attualmente questi segnali geofisici sono acquisiti da 3 Reti:
Rete tiltmetrica dei Campi Flegrei con 10 stazioni, di cui 4 attrezzate con sensori analogici di superficie, 3 attrezzate con sensori analogici da pozzo e 3 attrezzate con sensori biassiali digitali da pozzo di ultima generazione.
Rete tiltmetrica del Vesuvio costituita da 7 stazioni, di cui 3 attrezzate con sensori analogici di superficie e 4 attrezzate con sensori digitali da pozzo.
Rete tiltmetrica dell’Isola d’Ischia con 3 stazioni attrezzate con sensori digitali da pozzo.
Poiché i segnali registrati dai sensori di superficie (operanti in gallerie o pozzetti poco profondi) sono influenzati da fattori ambientali, come le variazioni di temperatura, la pressione, le precipitazioni e le variazioni della falda acquifera, che possono mascherare la reale deformazione misurata, negli ultimi anni sono stati utilizzati i sensori da pozzo di tipo digitale, calati in pozzi perforati a – 25 m dal piano campagna.
L’unità di misura angolare utilizzata in ambito tilmetrico è il µradiante (microradiante), equivalente ad uno spostamento verticale del suolo di 1 mm ad 1 km di distanza; poiché però sia i sensori tiltmetrici di superficie che quelli da pozzo misurano un campo sufficientemente vicino e quindi al massimo di qualche centinaio di metri, può essere considerata attendibile l’equivalenza di 1 µradiante ad uno spostamento di 0.5 mm a 500 m di distanza.
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